Temples as Bridges of Civilization in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Architecture and Cultural Values of Indonesia–Thailand

Borobudur Temple and Prambanan Temple in Indonesia, as well as Wat Arun and Wat Pho in Thailand, represent significant examples of Southeast Asian religious architecture that reflect the richness of history, spirituality, and cultural heritage of their societies. The background of this study is grounded in the importance of understanding sacred monuments not merely as religious sites, but also as symbols of cultural identity and world heritage. The aim of this research is to compare the similarities and differences between the two sets of temples in Indonesia and Thailand, particularly in terms of architectural features, cultural meanings, and the role of religiosity in their preservation and development up to the modern era. The research methods employed include literature analysis, architectural study, and an ethnographic approach to examine the cultural meanings embedded within these structures. Data were collected through a review of historical sources, previous studies, and visual documentation. The analysis was conducted by comparing architectural elements, religious functions, and their connections to the sociocultural identity of communities in both countries. The findings indicate that Borobudur Temple and Wat Arun share commonalities in Buddhist symbolism expressed through monumental structures, although Borobudur emphasizes tiered stupas, while Wat Arun highlights its slender, towering pagoda. Meanwhile, Prambanan Temple and Wat Pho illustrate differences rooted in their religious traditions: Prambanan reflects Hindu cosmology through its tall towers, whereas Wat Pho embodies Buddhist spirituality with the Reclining Buddha statue as its central icon. This study underscores that these four monuments function not only as places of worship, but also as centers of culture, education, and tourism that strengthen national identity while enriching the global cultural heritage.